About BeeMachine
BeeMachine was developed by Brian Spiesman in collaboration with:
Claudio Gratton, University of Wisconsin – Madison
William Hsu, Kansas State University
Brian McCornack, Kansas State University
Support
BeeMachine was funded by USDA NIFA and Kansas State University. Computer vision models were developed with data primarily from the Global BIodiversity Infrastructure Facility (GBIF). We are also grateful for images donated by others, including the Wisconsin Bumble Bee Brigade, the
Hanamaru Maruhana Project
, and Jerry Cole. I am grateful for the volunteer participants in these programs that share their images and taxonomic expertise.
Our Computer Vision Model
The current version of BeeMachine is able to identify bees from around the world, although it works best for bumble bees. Overall test accuracy is 93.4% (99.2% top-3) but this varies by species depending on the number of training images and their level of morphological variability (see fig below). BeeMachine uses a convolutional neural network, modified from EfficientNetV2, and was trained on over 900,000 bee images.
The 108 Bombus species currently recognized by BeeMachine:
Bombus affinis
Bombus alpinus
Bombus appositus
Bombus ardens
Bombus argillaceus
Bombus auricomus
Bombus balteatus
Bombus barbutellus
Bombus beaticola
Bombus bellicosus
Bombus bicoloratus
Bombus bifarius
Bombus bimaculatus
Bombus bohemicus
Bombus borealis
Bombus californicus
Bombus caliginosus
Bombus campestris
Bombus centralis
Bombus citrinus
Bombus confusus
Bombus consobrinus
Bombus
crotchii
Bombus cryptarum
Bombus dahlbomii
Bombus deuteronymus
Bombus distinguendus
Bombus
diversus
Bombus ephippiatus
Bombus eximius
Bombus fervidus
Bombus flavidus
Bombus flavifrons
Bombus formosellus
Bombus fraternus
Bombus frigidus
Bombus funebris
Bombus griseocollis
Bombus haematurus
Bombus honshuensis
Bombus hortorum
Bombus hortulanus
Bombus humilis
Bombus huntii
Bombus hypnorum
Bombus hypocrita
Bombus ignitus
Bombus impatiens
Bombus insularis
Bombus jonellus
Bombus kirbiellus
Bombus lapidarius
Bombus lapponicus
Bombus lucorum
Bombus magnus
Bombus mckayi
Bombus medius
Bombus melanopygus
Bombus mesomelas
Bombus mexicanus
Bombus mixtus
Bombus monticola
Bombus morio
Bombus morrisoni
Bombus muscorum
Bombus nevadensis
Bombus norvegicus
Bombus occidentalis
Bombus opifex
Bombus pascuorum
Bombus patagiatus
Bombus pauloensis
Bombus pensylvanicus
Bombus perplexus
Bombus pratorum
Bombus pullatus
Bombus pyrosoma
Bombus quadricolor
Bombus robustus
Bombus rubicundus
Bombus ruderarius
Bombus
ruderatus
Bombus rufocinctus
Bombus rupestris
Bombus sandersoni
Bombus schrencki
Bombus semenoviellus
Bombus sichelii
Bombus sitkensis
Bombus sonani
Bombus soroeensis
Bombus sporadicus
Bombus subterraneus
Bombus sylvarum
Bombus sylvestris
Bombus sylvicola
Bombus ternarius
Bombus terrestris
Bombus terricola
Bombus transversalis
Bombus vagans
Bombus vancouverensis
Bombus vandykei
Bombus vestalis
Bombus veteranus
Bombus vosnesenskii
Bombus wilmattae
Bombus wurflenii
Other bees recognized by BeeMachine:
Agapostemon
Amegilla
Andrena
Andrena cineraria
Andrena clarkella
Andrena denticulata
Andrena flavipes
Andrena fulva
Andrena haemorrhoa
Andrena hattorfiana
Andrena vaga
Anthidiellum
Anthidium
Anthidium manicatum
Anthophora
Apis
Apis mellifera
Augochlora
Augochlorella
Augochloropsis
Brachymelecta
Braunsapis
Calliopsis
Centris
Ceratina
Chelostoma
Coelioxys
Colletes
Ctenonomia
Dasypoda
Diadasia
Dianthidium
Dieunomia
Duforea
Epeoloides
Epeolus
Eucera
Euglossa
Eulaema
Habropoda
Halictus
Halictus ligatus
Halictus scabiosae
Heriades
Hoplitis
Hylaeus
Lasioglossum
Macropis
Megachile
Megachile sculpturalis Megachile xylocopoides
Melecta
Meliponini
Melissodes
Melitta
Nomada
Nomia
Osmia
Osmia bicornis
Panurgus
Paranthidium
Peponapsis
Perdita
Plebeia
Ptilothrix
Rhodanthidium
Sphecodes
Stelis
Svastra
Thyreus
Trachusa
Triepeolus
Xylocopa
Xylocopa micans
Xylocopa sonorina
Xylocopa tabaniformis
Xylocopa violacea
Xylocopa virginica
